Heat stroke is the most serious form of heat-related illness and is considered a medical emergency.
Prolonged exposure to a hot environment (sunbathing, sports, work) usually combined with dehydration, can damage the body’s temperature control system with complications from the central nervous system.
The typical symptom of heatstroke is a body temperature above 40ºC, but fainting may be the first sign. Other symptoms may include headache, dizziness, hot red and dry skin, exhaustion, muscle weakness, cramps, nausea and vomiting, tachycardia, shortness of breath, confusion, disorientation, seizures.
Heatstroke can cause death or damage to the brain and other internal organs. Although it mainly affects people over the age of 50, it also affects healthy young athletes. Exposure to high temperatures, especially when combined with high humidity and intense physical activity can lead to heatstroke.
If you suspect that someone has heatstroke, immediately call EMS (166) or take the person to a hospital. While waiting for the ambulance, begin first aid. Move the person to an air-conditioned environment or at least a cool, shaded area and remove any unnecessary clothing. Fan the patient’s body while simultaneously wetting it. Immerse him in a shower or bathtub with cool water. Apply ice packs to armpits, groin, neck and back, areas rich in blood vessels close to the skin to reduce body temperature.
Do not use ice on the elderly, young children, patients with chronic conditions, or anyone who has suffered heatstroke without vigorous exercise. Doing so can be dangerous.
Heat stroke is more likely to affect older people who live in apartments or houses without air conditioning or good airflow. With a relative humidity of 60% and more, the evaporation of sweat is reduced, the body’s ability to reduce its temperature is limited and the risk of heat stroke increases.
Infants and children under 4 and adults over 65 are particularly vulnerable because they adapt to heat more slowly. Other high-risk groups include people of any age who don’t drink enough water, are obese, have chronic diseases (cardiovascular, respiratory, psychiatric, metabolic) or drink too much alcohol.
Measures that help prevent and reduce the risk of heatstroke include:
- Use of an air conditioner or even a fan in closed areas of stay.
- Wear light, light-colored and loose clothing.
- Use a hat and sunscreen.
- Consumption of extra fluids such as water, isotonic solutions, fruit and vegetable juices to avoid dehydration and loss of electrolytes.
- Stay in cool, shady and ventilated areas
Physician advice is necessary for those suffering from chronic diseases or taking medication for specialized and personalized instructions.