Surgical removal is the only way to treat cataracts. In the operation, the cataractous cloudy lens is removed by the phacotripsy method and then replaced by a permanent artificial intraocular lens, which is maintained for life.
The surgery is performed under local anesthesia with special drops, making the procedure completely painless.
The duration of the operation is usually 15-20 minutes. The patient stays at the clinic for a short time, in order to receive the post-operative instructions required for his further monitoring and medication.
Vision improvement begins several hours after the operation and is restored in the following days. Eye drops are used for a certain period of time.
1. Anaemias of reduced erythrocyte production
- This is the very common iron deficiency anemia (lack of iron)
- Megaloblastic anemia – B12 deficiency
- Anemia of chronic diseases (in patients with chronic diseases that affect the body)
- Anemia of chronic renal failure (decreased production of erythropoietin by the kidneys, which gives the “command” to the marrow to produce erythrocytes)
- Due to bone marrow infiltration by neoplasms (leukemias, multiple myeloma, lymphomas, metastatic neoplasms)
- Aplastic anemia (disease of the precursor forms of red blood cells in the bone marrow)
2. Anaemias of increased erythrocyte destruction
- Chronic, hereditary hemolytic syndromes, such as Mediterranean anemias and G6PD deficiency
- Autoimmune hemolytic anemias
- Increased destruction of red blood cells from metal valves
3. Methemorrhagic anaemia – i.e. from blood loss
Help at the beginning of the investigation is given by the morphology of the red blood cells, which we can assume from the red cell markers in the complete blood count or in a peripheral blood smear and microscopic study.
- When they are small in size and undercolored, “pale” (low MCV and MCH in the general blood), the most common cause is iron deficiency
- When they are large and hypercolored, the most common cause is B12 deficiency
- When it is orthochromic – orthocytic, then the anemia is usually chronic disease, increased destruction, and chronic renal failure.
Quite often, especially in older patients, the bone marrow itself needs to be studied by a haematologist to determine the cause of anaemia. This is done by a painless aspiration of a small amount of marrow from the pelvic bone and morphological evaluation under a microscope.